This network graph was developed using an LLM. The information is collected via an iterative Deep Search with Gemini.
The Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) — including platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, and osmium — are critical for many high-tech industries. Europe's supply chain is characterized by a heavy reliance on mined raw materials from South Africa and Russia. However, Europe holds a world-leading position in the complex refining and, crucially, the recycling of these valuable metals, with companies like Umicore in Belgium being central players. These refined materials are then transformed into catalysts, fuel cells, and electronic components by major European industrial manufacturers.